# PAIRS TRADING WITH A KALMAN FILTER¶

In this notebook we are going look at the concept of building a trading strategy backtest based on mean reverting, co-integrated pairs of assets (Stock and ETFs). So to restate the theory in in terms of US equities, assets that are statistically co-integrated move in a way that means when their prices start to diverge by a certain amount (i.e. the spread between the 2 assets prices increases), we would expect that divergence to eventually revert back to the mean. In this instance we would look to sell the outperforming stock,and buy the under performing stock under the notion that the under performing stock would eventually recover with the over performing stock and rise in price, or vice versa the over performing stock would in time suffer from the same downward pressure of the under performing stock and fall in relative value.

Hence, pairs trading is a market neutral trading strategy enabling traders to profit from virtually any market conditions: Bull Markets, Bear Markets, or Sideways Markets.

So in our search for co-integrated assets, economic theory would suggest that we are more likely to find pairs of that are driven by the same factors, or similar business practices. After all, it is logical to consider 2 assets in the same industry to be similar products, to be at the mercy of the same general ups and downs of the volatile market.

### Kalman Filter¶

So what is aKalman Filter? Well this site (http://www.bzarg.com/p/how-a-kalman-filter-works-in-pictures/) explains and states the following:

You can use a Kalman filter in any place where you have uncertain information about some dynamic system, and you can make an educated guess about what the system is going to do next. Even if messy reality comes along and interferes with the clean motion you guessed about, the Kalman filter will often do a very good job of figuring out what actually happened. And it can take advantage of correlations between crazy phenomena that you maybe wouldn’t have thought to exploit!

Kalman filters are ideal for systems which are continuously changing. They have the advantage that they are light on memory (they don’t need to keep any history other than the previous state), and they are very fast, making them well suited for real time problems and embedded systems.

So lets start to import the relevant modules we will need for our strategy backtest:

# Imports¶

In [6]:
from time import time
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.cm as cm
from scipy import stats
import datetime as dt
import pandas as pd
import math
import os.path
import time
import json
import requests
import pandas_market_calendars as mcal
from datetime import timedelta, datetime
from dateutil import parser
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib as mpl
import quantstats as qs
import statsmodels.api as sm
from pykalman import KalmanFilter
from math import sqrt
import warnings
import ffn
import pyfolio as pf
from pandas_datareader import data as web

In [7]:
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None)
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')


In [8]:
symbols = ['GDX','GDXJ','GLD', 'AAPL','GOOGL', 'FB','TWTR','AMD',
'NVDA','CSCO', 'ORCL', 'ATVI', 'TTWO', 'EA', 'HYG',
'LQD', 'JNK', 'SLV', 'USLV', 'SIVR', 'USO', 'UWT',
'QQQ', 'SPY', 'VOO', 'VDE', 'VTI', 'EMLP', 'VDC',
'FSTA', 'KXI', 'IBB', 'VHT','VNQ', 'IYR', 'MSFT',
'PG', 'TMF', 'UPRO', 'WFC', 'JPM', 'GS', 'CVX',
'XOM', 'INTC', 'COST', 'WMT', 'T', 'VZ', 'CMCSA', 'AMZN']

In [9]:
def get_symbols(symbols,data_source,ohlc,begin_date=None,end_date=None):
out = []
new_symbols = []
for symbol in symbols:
df = web.DataReader(symbol, data_source,begin_date, end_date)
df = df[ohlc]
new_symbols.append(symbol)
out.append(df.astype('float'))
data = pd.concat(out, axis = 1)
data.columns = new_symbols
data = data.dropna(axis=1)
return data.dropna(axis=1)

In [10]:
start = pd.Timestamp('2014-01-01')
end = pd.Timestamp('2020-03-05')

prices = get_symbols(symbols,data_source='yahoo',ohlc='Close',\
begin_date=start,end_date=end)


Plot the resulting DataFrame of price data just to make sure we have what we need and as a quick sanity check:

In [11]:
combo = prices.copy()
combo.index = pd.DatetimeIndex(combo.index)

Out[11]:
GDX GDXJ GLD AAPL GOOGL FB TWTR AMD NVDA CSCO ORCL ATVI TTWO EA HYG LQD JNK SLV USLV SIVR USO QQQ SPY VOO VDE VTI EMLP VDC FSTA KXI IBB VHT VNQ IYR MSFT PG TMF UPRO WFC JPM GS CVX XOM INTC COST WMT T VZ CMCSA AMZN
Date
2014-01-02 22.030001 32.700001 118.000000 79.018570 557.117126 54.709999 67.500000 3.95 15.860000 22.000000 37.840000 18.070000 17.530001 22.830000 93.040001 114.410004 121.589996 19.230000 489.200012 19.719999 34.230000 87.269997 182.919998 167.630005 124.620003 95.080002 23.200001 108.889999 25.809999 42.395000 75.696663 100.580002 64.570000 62.980000 37.160000 80.540001 11.0100 15.593333 45.020000 58.209999 176.889999 124.139999 99.750000 25.790001 117.809998 78.910004 34.950001 49.000000 25.725000 397.970001
2014-01-03 21.830000 32.650002 119.290001 77.282860 553.053040 54.560001 69.000000 4.00 15.670000 21.980000 37.619999 18.290001 17.629999 22.680000 93.010002 114.580002 121.680000 19.420000 504.899994 19.920000 33.750000 86.639999 182.889999 167.479996 124.320000 95.059998 23.190001 108.750000 25.750000 42.480000 75.343330 100.809998 64.930000 63.349998 36.910000 80.449997 11.0150 15.566667 45.340000 58.660000 178.149994 124.349998 99.510002 25.780001 117.290001 78.650002 34.799999 48.419998 25.535000 396.440002
2014-01-06 21.930000 32.790001 119.500000 77.704285 559.219238 57.200001 66.290001 4.13 15.880000 22.010000 37.470001 18.080000 17.600000 22.530001 93.209999 114.830002 121.919998 19.420000 502.100006 19.920000 33.570000 86.320000 182.360001 167.059998 124.290001 94.809998 23.129999 108.269997 25.660000 42.380001 74.606667 100.400002 65.260002 63.610001 36.130001 80.639999 11.1200 15.463333 45.419998 59.000000 179.369995 124.019997 99.660004 25.459999 116.400002 78.209999 34.959999 48.689999 25.510000 393.630005
2014-01-07 21.969999 32.459999 118.820000 77.148575 570.000000 57.919998 61.459999 4.18 16.139999 22.309999 37.849998 18.320000 18.110001 23.100000 93.209999 114.739998 121.949997 19.129999 480.200012 19.610001 33.580002 87.120003 183.479996 168.100006 125.260002 95.419998 23.180000 108.900002 25.799999 42.494999 75.643333 101.570000 65.550003 63.830002 36.410000 81.419998 11.2150 15.731667 45.400002 58.320000 178.289993 125.070000 101.070000 25.590000 115.860001 78.449997 34.950001 49.299999 26.415001 398.029999
2014-01-08 21.610001 31.709999 118.120003 77.637146 571.186157 58.230000 59.290001 4.18 16.360001 22.290001 37.720001 18.340000 17.799999 23.309999 93.150002 114.250000 121.919998 18.830000 458.299988 19.299999 33.160000 87.309998 183.520004 168.169998 124.449997 95.489998 23.110001 108.199997 25.610001 42.125000 77.193336 102.559998 65.230003 63.730000 35.759998 80.239998 11.1325 15.748333 45.919998 58.869999 178.440002 123.290001 100.739998 25.430000 114.050003 77.830002 34.240002 48.500000 26.375000 401.920013
In [12]:
combo.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
DatetimeIndex: 1555 entries, 2014-01-02 to 2020-03-06
Data columns (total 50 columns):
GDX      1555 non-null float64
GDXJ     1555 non-null float64
GLD      1555 non-null float64
AAPL     1555 non-null float64
GOOGL    1555 non-null float64
FB       1555 non-null float64
TWTR     1555 non-null float64
AMD      1555 non-null float64
NVDA     1555 non-null float64
CSCO     1555 non-null float64
ORCL     1555 non-null float64
ATVI     1555 non-null float64
TTWO     1555 non-null float64
EA       1555 non-null float64
HYG      1555 non-null float64
LQD      1555 non-null float64
JNK      1555 non-null float64
SLV      1555 non-null float64
USLV     1555 non-null float64
SIVR     1555 non-null float64
USO      1555 non-null float64
QQQ      1555 non-null float64
SPY      1555 non-null float64
VOO      1555 non-null float64
VDE      1555 non-null float64
VTI      1555 non-null float64
EMLP     1555 non-null float64
VDC      1555 non-null float64
FSTA     1555 non-null float64
KXI      1555 non-null float64
IBB      1555 non-null float64
VHT      1555 non-null float64
VNQ      1555 non-null float64
IYR      1555 non-null float64
MSFT     1555 non-null float64
PG       1555 non-null float64
TMF      1555 non-null float64
UPRO     1555 non-null float64
WFC      1555 non-null float64
JPM      1555 non-null float64
GS       1555 non-null float64
CVX      1555 non-null float64
XOM      1555 non-null float64
INTC     1555 non-null float64
COST     1555 non-null float64
WMT      1555 non-null float64
T        1555 non-null float64
VZ       1555 non-null float64
CMCSA    1555 non-null float64
AMZN     1555 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(50)
memory usage: 619.6 KB

In [13]:
num_stocks = len(combo.columns)
print('Number of Stocks =', num_stocks)

Number of Stocks = 50


# Plot price series¶

In [14]:
n_secs = len(combo.columns)
colors = cm.rainbow(np.linspace(0, 1, n_secs))
combo.div(combo.iloc[0,:]).plot(color=colors, figsize=(12, 6))# Normalize Prices
plt.title('All Stocks Normalized Price Series')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Price (USD\$)')
plt.grid(b=None, which=u'major', axis=u'both')
plt.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.01, 1.1), loc='upper left', ncol=1)
plt.show();


## What Is Cointegration?¶

The most common test for Pairs Trading is the cointegration test. Cointegration is a statistical property of two or more time-series variables which indicates if a linear combination of the variables is stationary.

Stationary process: parameters such as mean and variance also do not change over time.

Ok so it looks from the chart as if we have downloaded price data for around 50 assets; this should be more than enough to find at least a couple of co-integrated pairs to run our backtest over.

We will now define a quick function that will run our assets, combining them into pairs one by one and running co-integration tests on each pair. That result will then be stored in a matrix that we initialise, and then we will be able to plot that matrix as a heatmap. Also, if the co-integration test meets our threshold statistical significance (in our case 5%), then that pair of tickers will be stored in a list for later retrieval.

In [15]:
# NOTE CRITICAL LEVEL HAS BEEN SET TO 5% FOR COINTEGRATION TEST
def find_cointegrated_pairs(dataframe, critial_level = 0.05):
n = dataframe.shape[1] # the length of dateframe
pvalue_matrix = np.ones((n, n)) # initialize the matrix of p
keys = dataframe.columns # get the column names
pairs = [] # initilize the list for cointegration
for i in range(n):
for j in range(i+1, n): # for j bigger than i
stock1 = dataframe[keys[i]] # obtain the price of "stock1"
stock2 = dataframe[keys[j]]# obtain the price of "stock2"
result = sm.tsa.stattools.coint(stock1, stock2) # get conintegration
pvalue = result[1] # get the pvalue
pvalue_matrix[i, j] = pvalue
if pvalue < critial_level: # if p-value less than the critical level
pairs.append((keys[i], keys[j], pvalue)) # record the contract with that p-value
return pvalue_matrix, pairs


Let’s now run our data through our function, save the results and plot the heatmap:

In [16]:
df = combo

binance_symbols = df.columns

# Set up the split point for our "training data" on which to perform the co-integration test (the remaining dat awill be fed to our backtest function)
split = int(len(df) * 0.3)

# Run our dataframe (up to the split point) of ticker price data through our co-integration function and store results
pvalue_matrix, pairs = find_cointegrated_pairs(df[:split])

# Convert our matrix of stored results into a DataFrame
pvalue_matrix_df = pd.DataFrame(pvalue_matrix)

In [17]:
# Use Seaborn to plot a heatmap of our results matrix
sns.clustermap(pvalue_matrix_df, xticklabels=binance_symbols,yticklabels=binance_symbols, figsize=(12, 12))
plt.title('Stock P-value Matrix')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show();


So we can see from the very dark squares that it looks as though there are indeed a few pairs of assets who’s co-integration score is below the 5% threshold hardcoded into the function we defined. To see more explicitly which pairs these are, let’s print out our list of stored pairs that was part of the fucntion results we stored:

In [18]:
for pair in pairs:
print("Asset {} and Asset {} has a co-integration score of {}".format(pair[0],pair[1],round(pair[2],4)))

Asset GDX and Asset GLD has a co-integration score of 0.03
Asset GDX and Asset AMD has a co-integration score of 0.0173
Asset GDX and Asset HYG has a co-integration score of 0.0275
Asset GDX and Asset JNK has a co-integration score of 0.0375
Asset GDXJ and Asset AMD has a co-integration score of 0.0052
Asset GDXJ and Asset SLV has a co-integration score of 0.0062
Asset GDXJ and Asset USLV has a co-integration score of 0.0135
Asset GDXJ and Asset SIVR has a co-integration score of 0.006
Asset GDXJ and Asset USO has a co-integration score of 0.0378
Asset GDXJ and Asset COST has a co-integration score of 0.0495
Asset GLD and Asset FB has a co-integration score of 0.0073
Asset GLD and Asset AMD has a co-integration score of 0.0011
Asset GLD and Asset TTWO has a co-integration score of 0.011
Asset GLD and Asset EA has a co-integration score of 0.0039
Asset GLD and Asset HYG has a co-integration score of 0.0139
Asset GLD and Asset JNK has a co-integration score of 0.0051
Asset GLD and Asset SLV has a co-integration score of 0.0362
Asset GLD and Asset USLV has a co-integration score of 0.0124
Asset GLD and Asset SIVR has a co-integration score of 0.0377
Asset GLD and Asset USO has a co-integration score of 0.0111
Asset GLD and Asset QQQ has a co-integration score of 0.0468
Asset GLD and Asset CVX has a co-integration score of 0.0193
Asset GLD and Asset CMCSA has a co-integration score of 0.0495
Asset AAPL and Asset CSCO has a co-integration score of 0.0237
Asset AAPL and Asset SPY has a co-integration score of 0.005
Asset AAPL and Asset VOO has a co-integration score of 0.0313
Asset AAPL and Asset VTI has a co-integration score of 0.0285
Asset AAPL and Asset VDC has a co-integration score of 0.0483
Asset AAPL and Asset UPRO has a co-integration score of 0.0148
Asset AAPL and Asset WFC has a co-integration score of 0.0273
Asset GOOGL and Asset WMT has a co-integration score of 0.0021
Asset FB and Asset HYG has a co-integration score of 0.0013
Asset FB and Asset JNK has a co-integration score of 0.0033
Asset TWTR and Asset JNK has a co-integration score of 0.0488
Asset TWTR and Asset AMZN has a co-integration score of 0.0424
Asset AMD and Asset SLV has a co-integration score of 0.014
Asset AMD and Asset USLV has a co-integration score of 0.0352
Asset AMD and Asset SIVR has a co-integration score of 0.0141
Asset AMD and Asset VDE has a co-integration score of 0.0459
Asset AMD and Asset XOM has a co-integration score of 0.0352
Asset AMD and Asset CMCSA has a co-integration score of 0.0343
Asset CSCO and Asset SPY has a co-integration score of 0.003
Asset CSCO and Asset VOO has a co-integration score of 0.0063
Asset CSCO and Asset VTI has a co-integration score of 0.0016
Asset CSCO and Asset VDC has a co-integration score of 0.0268
Asset CSCO and Asset FSTA has a co-integration score of 0.011
Asset CSCO and Asset KXI has a co-integration score of 0.0346
Asset CSCO and Asset UPRO has a co-integration score of 0.0291
Asset ORCL and Asset LQD has a co-integration score of 0.0288
Asset TTWO and Asset HYG has a co-integration score of 0.0051
Asset TTWO and Asset JNK has a co-integration score of 0.0071
Asset EA and Asset HYG has a co-integration score of 0.0497
Asset EA and Asset CMCSA has a co-integration score of 0.0239
Asset HYG and Asset JNK has a co-integration score of 0.0001
Asset LQD and Asset EMLP has a co-integration score of 0.0211
Asset LQD and Asset PG has a co-integration score of 0.0423
Asset LQD and Asset WMT has a co-integration score of 0.0181
Asset LQD and Asset VZ has a co-integration score of 0.0489
Asset SLV and Asset USLV has a co-integration score of 0.0234
Asset SLV and Asset SIVR has a co-integration score of 0.0003
Asset SLV and Asset USO has a co-integration score of 0.0333
Asset SLV and Asset VDC has a co-integration score of 0.0436
Asset SLV and Asset COST has a co-integration score of 0.0431
Asset USLV and Asset SIVR has a co-integration score of 0.0288
Asset USLV and Asset QQQ has a co-integration score of 0.0476
Asset USLV and Asset VDC has a co-integration score of 0.0331
Asset USLV and Asset COST has a co-integration score of 0.036
Asset SIVR and Asset USO has a co-integration score of 0.0333
Asset SIVR and Asset VDC has a co-integration score of 0.0425
Asset QQQ and Asset CMCSA has a co-integration score of 0.0253
Asset SPY and Asset VOO has a co-integration score of 0.0003
Asset SPY and Asset VDC has a co-integration score of 0.0495
Asset SPY and Asset WFC has a co-integration score of 0.0319
Asset VOO and Asset WFC has a co-integration score of 0.0299
Asset VTI and Asset WFC has a co-integration score of 0.0232
Asset KXI and Asset VHT has a co-integration score of 0.0321
Asset IBB and Asset GS has a co-integration score of 0.0295
Asset VHT and Asset GS has a co-integration score of 0.0185
Asset VNQ and Asset TMF has a co-integration score of 0.04
Asset IYR and Asset TMF has a co-integration score of 0.0494
Asset UPRO and Asset WFC has a co-integration score of 0.03
Asset WFC and Asset GS has a co-integration score of 0.015
Asset T and Asset CMCSA has a co-integration score of 0.0272
Asset T and Asset AMZN has a co-integration score of 0.0148
Asset VZ and Asset AMZN has a co-integration score of 0.0086


We will now use the “pykalman” module to set up a couple of functions that will allow us to generate Kalman filters which we will apply to our data and in turn our regression that is fed the said data.

In [19]:
def KalmanFilterAverage(x):
# Construct a Kalman filter
kf = KalmanFilter(transition_matrices = [1],
observation_matrices = [1],
initial_state_mean = 0,
initial_state_covariance = 1,
observation_covariance=1,
transition_covariance=.01)
# Use the observed values of the price to get a rolling mean
state_means, _ = kf.filter(x.values)
state_means = pd.Series(state_means.flatten(), index=x.index)
return state_means

# Kalman filter regression
def KalmanFilterRegression(x,y):
delta = 1e-3
trans_cov = delta / (1 - delta) * np.eye(2) # How much random walk wiggles
obs_mat = np.expand_dims(np.vstack([[x], [np.ones(len(x))]]).T, axis=1)
kf = KalmanFilter(n_dim_obs=1, n_dim_state=2, # y is 1-dimensional, (alpha, beta) is 2-dimensional
initial_state_mean=[0,0],
initial_state_covariance=np.ones((2, 2)),
transition_matrices=np.eye(2),
observation_matrices=obs_mat,
observation_covariance=2,
transition_covariance=trans_cov)
# Use the observations y to get running estimates and errors for the state parameters
state_means, state_covs = kf.filter(y.values)
return state_means

res = model.fit()
halflife = int(round(-np.log(2) / res.params[1],0))
if halflife <= 0:
halflife = 1
return halflife


Now let us define our main “Backtest” function that we will run our data through. The fucntion takes one pair of tickers at a time, and then returns several outputs, namely the DataFrame of cumulative returns, the Sharpe Ratio and the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Once we have defined our function, we can iterate over our list of pairs and feed the relevant data, pair by pair, into the function, storing the outputs for each pair for later use and retrieval.

In [20]:
def backtest(df,s1, s2):
#############################################################
# INPUT:
# DataFrame of prices (df)
# s1: the symbol of asset one
# s2: the symbol of asset two
# x: the price series of asset one
# y: the price series of asset two
# OUTPUT:
# df1['cum rets']: cumulative returns in pandas data frame
# sharpe: Sharpe ratio
# CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate

x = df[s1]
y = df[s2]

# Run regression (including Kalman Filter) to find hedge ratio and then create spread series
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'y':y,'x':x})
df1.index = pd.to_datetime(df1.index)
state_means = KalmanFilterRegression(KalmanFilterAverage(x),KalmanFilterAverage(y))
df1['hr'] = - state_means[:,0]
df1['spread'] = df1.y + (df1.x * df1.hr)

# calculate half life

# calculate z-score with window = half life period

##############################################################

entryZscore = 1.25
exitZscore = -0.08

#set up num units long
df1['long entry'] = ((df1.zScore < - entryZscore) & ( df1.zScore.shift(1) > - entryZscore))
df1['long exit'] = ((df1.zScore > - exitZscore) & (df1.zScore.shift(1) < - exitZscore))
df1['num units long'] = np.nan
df1.loc[df1['long entry'],'num units long'] = 1
df1.loc[df1['long exit'],'num units long'] = 0
df1['num units long'][0] = 0
df1['num units long'] = df1['num units long'].fillna(method='pad')

#set up num units short
df1['short entry'] = ((df1.zScore > entryZscore) & ( df1.zScore.shift(1) < entryZscore))
df1['short exit'] = ((df1.zScore < exitZscore) & (df1.zScore.shift(1) > exitZscore))
df1.loc[df1['short entry'],'num units short'] = -1
df1.loc[df1['short exit'],'num units short'] = 0
df1['num units short'][0] = 0
df1['num units short'] = df1['num units short'].fillna(method='pad')

#set up totals: num units and returns
df1['numUnits'] = df1['num units long'] + df1['num units short']
df1['spread pct ch'] = (df1['spread'] - df1['spread'].shift(1)) / ((df1['x'] * abs(df1['hr'])) + df1['y'])
df1['port rets'] = df1['spread pct ch'] * df1['numUnits'].shift(1)
df1['cum rets'] = df1['port rets'].cumsum()
df1['cum rets'] = df1['cum rets'] + 1

##############################################################

try:
sharpe = ((df1['port rets'].mean() / df1['port rets'].std()) * sqrt(252))
except ZeroDivisionError:
sharpe = 0.0

##############################################################

start_val = 1
end_val = df1['cum rets'].iat[-1]
start_date = df1.iloc[0].name
end_date = df1.iloc[-1].name
days = (end_date - start_date).days
CAGR = (end_val / start_val) ** (252.0/days) - 1

df1[s1+ " "+s2+'_cum_rets'] = df1['cum rets']

return df1[s1+ " "+s2+'_cum_rets'], sharpe, CAGR


So now let’s run our full list of pairs through our Backtest function, and print out some results along the way, and finally after storing the equity curve for each pair, produce a chart that plots out each curve.

In [21]:
results = []
for pair in pairs:
rets, sharpe, CAGR = backtest(df[split:],pair[0],pair[1])
results.append(rets)
print("The pair {} and {} produced a Sharpe Ratio of {} and a CAGR of {}".format(pair[0],pair[1],
round(sharpe,2),
round(CAGR,4)))
rets0 = pd.concat(results, axis=1)

The pair GDX and GLD produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.52 and a CAGR of 0.0312
The pair GDX and AMD produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.08 and a CAGR of 0.154
The pair GDX and HYG produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.4 and a CAGR of 0.0345
The pair GDX and JNK produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.76 and a CAGR of 0.0611
The pair GDXJ and AMD produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.93 and a CAGR of 0.1373
The pair GDXJ and SLV produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.55 and a CAGR of 0.0391
The pair GDXJ and USLV produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.5 and a CAGR of 0.056
The pair GDXJ and SIVR produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.68 and a CAGR of 0.0473
The pair GDXJ and USO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.67 and a CAGR of 0.0756
The pair GDXJ and COST produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.82 and a CAGR of 0.0816
The pair GLD and FB produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.46 and a CAGR of 0.0963
The pair GLD and AMD produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.37 and a CAGR of 0.1579
The pair GLD and TTWO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.57 and a CAGR of 0.1134
The pair GLD and EA produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.52 and a CAGR of 0.1032
The pair GLD and HYG produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.15 and a CAGR of 0.0398
The pair GLD and JNK produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.14 and a CAGR of 0.0404
The pair GLD and SLV produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.48 and a CAGR of 0.0162
The pair GLD and USLV produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.92 and a CAGR of 0.1008
The pair GLD and SIVR produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.72 and a CAGR of 0.0238
The pair GLD and USO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.22 and a CAGR of 0.0893
The pair GLD and QQQ produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.23 and a CAGR of 0.0632
The pair GLD and CVX produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.65 and a CAGR of 0.0394
The pair GLD and CMCSA produced a Sharpe Ratio of 2.09 and a CAGR of 0.106
The pair AAPL and CSCO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.53 and a CAGR of 0.0791
The pair AAPL and SPY produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.95 and a CAGR of 0.0433
The pair AAPL and VOO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.83 and a CAGR of 0.0377
The pair AAPL and VTI produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.01 and a CAGR of 0.0466
The pair AAPL and VDC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.22 and a CAGR of 0.0646
The pair AAPL and UPRO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.61 and a CAGR of 0.0441
The pair AAPL and WFC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.08 and a CAGR of 0.0655
The pair GOOGL and WMT produced a Sharpe Ratio of 2.07 and a CAGR of 0.1078
The pair FB and HYG produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.2 and a CAGR of 0.0695
The pair FB and JNK produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.5 and a CAGR of 0.0866
The pair TWTR and JNK produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.57 and a CAGR of 0.0627
The pair TWTR and AMZN produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.11 and a CAGR of 0.1073
The pair AMD and SLV produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.18 and a CAGR of 0.1396
The pair AMD and USLV produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.1 and a CAGR of 0.1823
The pair AMD and SIVR produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.15 and a CAGR of 0.137
The pair AMD and VDE produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.95 and a CAGR of 0.1074
The pair AMD and XOM produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.31 and a CAGR of 0.139
The pair AMD and CMCSA produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.08 and a CAGR of 0.1276
The pair CSCO and SPY produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.82 and a CAGR of 0.0335
The pair CSCO and VOO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.89 and a CAGR of 0.0361
The pair CSCO and VTI produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.71 and a CAGR of 0.0299
The pair CSCO and VDC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.84 and a CAGR of 0.0412
The pair CSCO and FSTA produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.31 and a CAGR of 0.0174
The pair CSCO and KXI produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.57 and a CAGR of 0.0287
The pair CSCO and UPRO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.75 and a CAGR of 0.055
The pair ORCL and LQD produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.08 and a CAGR of 0.056
The pair TTWO and HYG produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.63 and a CAGR of 0.1039
The pair TTWO and JNK produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.61 and a CAGR of 0.1027
The pair EA and HYG produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.67 and a CAGR of 0.0974
The pair EA and CMCSA produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.59 and a CAGR of 0.1065
The pair HYG and JNK produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.0 and a CAGR of 0.0
The pair LQD and EMLP produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.2 and a CAGR of 0.0413
The pair LQD and PG produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.66 and a CAGR of 0.055
The pair LQD and WMT produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.69 and a CAGR of 0.0737
The pair LQD and VZ produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.05 and a CAGR of 0.0461
The pair SLV and USLV produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.59 and a CAGR of 0.0652
The pair SLV and SIVR produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.0 and a CAGR of 0.0
The pair SLV and USO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.96 and a CAGR of 0.0827
The pair SLV and VDC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.84 and a CAGR of 0.0477
The pair SLV and COST produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.57 and a CAGR of 0.0406
The pair USLV and SIVR produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.78 and a CAGR of 0.0731
The pair USLV and QQQ produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.15 and a CAGR of 0.1349
The pair USLV and VDC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.13 and a CAGR of 0.134
The pair USLV and COST produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.96 and a CAGR of 0.1184
The pair SIVR and USO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.78 and a CAGR of 0.0687
The pair SIVR and VDC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.94 and a CAGR of 0.0537
The pair QQQ and CMCSA produced a Sharpe Ratio of 2.15 and a CAGR of 0.0892
The pair SPY and VOO produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.0 and a CAGR of 0.0
The pair SPY and VDC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.16 and a CAGR of 0.0287
The pair SPY and WFC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.17 and a CAGR of 0.0452
The pair VOO and WFC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.08 and a CAGR of 0.0429
The pair VTI and WFC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.23 and a CAGR of 0.0474
The pair KXI and VHT produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.81 and a CAGR of 0.0265
The pair IBB and GS produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.83 and a CAGR of 0.0459
The pair VHT and GS produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.23 and a CAGR of 0.0558
The pair VNQ and TMF produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.69 and a CAGR of 0.1227
The pair IYR and TMF produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.8 and a CAGR of 0.1247
The pair UPRO and WFC produced a Sharpe Ratio of 0.61 and a CAGR of 0.0456
The pair WFC and GS produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.43 and a CAGR of 0.0618
The pair T and CMCSA produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.47 and a CAGR of 0.0732
The pair T and AMZN produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.34 and a CAGR of 0.0897
The pair VZ and AMZN produced a Sharpe Ratio of 1.23 and a CAGR of 0.0858

In [22]:
rets0.plot(figsize=(12,6),legend=True)
plt.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.01, 1.1), loc='upper left', ncol=1)
plt.grid(b=None, which=u'major', axis=u'both')
plt.title('Pairs Returns')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Returns');